A Comprehensive Review on Stir Bar Sorptive Extraction: From Coating Developments to Practical Implementations

The extraction method is important in analytical processes. Therefore, various extraction methods, including traditional methods and modern techniques such as microextraction methods, have been developed. Microextraction methods have been developed as an effective, green, low-cost alternative to overcome the limitations of traditional methods. Stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE) is an extraction technique for the enrichment of volatile and semi-volatile organic materials from aqueous and gaseous matrices. Given the need for sample pretreatment techniques that are sensitive, green, and reproducible, SBSE is proposed as a suitable and effective method. In this method, a magnetic stir bar coated with a layer of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) or other sorbents is inserted into the solution containing the sample. During stirring, the target compounds are distributed between the liquid phase and the sorbent. This method is simple and solvent-free and can be used to extract very small amounts of analytes from various matrices. One of the important points in the SBSE is its combination with mass spectrometry (MS). SBSE-MS is a powerful technique for analyzing a wide range of target analytes, which provides significant advantages such as high reproducibility, high sensitivity and suitable enrichment, environmental compatibility and usability in analytical devices such as liquid chromatography (LC) and gas chromatography (GC). The present review aims to discuss the principle of SBSE and the developments which have occurred in coatings and practical implementations in recent years. This review introduced all the presented which can be used to improve the applicability of different coatings for the extraction of analytes.