A review and comparative analysis of normal contact force models for viscoelastic particles

Applying a proper contact force model is of great importance for the modelling and analysis of contact behaviors. This paper presents a comprehensive review of various normal contact force models, including both elastic and viscoelastic models, where the difference between them lies in whether the energy dissipation is considered in the contact process, and the latter is usually composed of both elastic and viscoelastic components. The existing viscoelastic contact force models can be categorized into five major groups based on the powers of the displacement. Some of these models are analyzed using a parametric study that includes factors such as the coefficient of restitution, relative approaching velocity, shear viscosity and the ratio of the bulk viscosity to the shear viscosity. Additionally, the results obtained from these contact force models are compared with experimental data with different values of coefficient of restitution to analyze their applicability in practical engineering. The objective of this review lies in offering a reliable reference for the selection of an appropriate contact force model to solve contact problems.