Recent advances in electrochemical analysis of hydrogen peroxide towards in vivo detection

Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) molecule, a neuromodulator in the central nervous system and the immune system, plays a vital role in the neural signal transmission, immune response and cell apoptosis. Real-time detecting H2O2 with high accuracy and sensitivity way is critically significant for the assessments of biological functions and pathogenic mechanisms towards diseases diagnostics. The in-situ electrochemical analysis has been widely used in the real-time sensing and detection of H2O2 for miniaturization feasibility and superior temporal spatial resolution. In this review paper, we summarized the recent advances in in vivo electrochemical analysis on H2O2, specifically including the electrochemical redox process of H2O2 on the electrode surface and variety of catalysts used for the electrochemical analysis with effectively improved selectivity and sensitivity. In particular, the novel technique of the photoelectrochemical (PEC) method for H2O2 detection was thoroughly discussed. The developments on the high selectivity analysis of H2O2 at the cellular and in vivo levels was summarized in details. Lastly, the challenges and prospects of the electrochemical sensors for H2O2 was proposed. This review is greatly helpful for the advancement of H2O2 electrochemical sensing towards biomedical applications.