Recent advances in adhesive hydrogels for next-generation bioelectronic interfaces

The critical demand for seamless tissue-device interfaces necessitates materials overcoming conventional medical electronics limitations in dynamic, wet physiological environments. Adhesive hydrogels emerge as transformative platforms, combining robust tissue adhesion, mechanical compliance, and biocompatibility to enable conformal integration for precision sensing and intervention. This review delineates a mechanistic framework encompassing intermolecular interactions, mechanical interlocking, topological entanglement, contact splitting, and suction forces for engineering Adhesive hydrogel. We critically evaluate natural and synthetic polymer matrices, elucidating their benefits and limitations in regulating adhesion strength, environmental stability, and biological responses. Crucially, we elucidate how this framework governs key performance metrics: motion-immune interfaces for reliable ECG/EMG and biomarker monitoring; fluid-resistant adhesion and spatiotemporal release for effective wound healing; and biomimetic structural cues that direct cell infiltration in neural and cartilage repair. Integration of degradable designs with real-time biosensing fosters closed-loop theragnostic systems. Finally, we outline trajectories toward multifunctional bioelectronic interfaces enabling adaptive therapies in personalized healthcare, highlighting translational challenges in scalability, long-term stability, and clinical adoption critical for advancing personalized healthcare.