Host-guest co-assembly triggered turn-on and ratiometric sensing of berberine and its detoxicating

Fluorescent sensing for specific detection of berberine is an important issue in view of its potential jeopardization to food safety and human health, but remains less investigated. To the best of our knowledge, there is no fluorescence turn-on and ratiometric sensors available for specific detection of berberine. In this study, calix[4]carbazole (3) has been synthesized and its property of recognizing berberine has been evaluated by UV–vis, fluorescence, NMR, DLS and TEM techniques. The results show that 3 selectively recognizes berberine among the tested drugs and detects it with turn-on and ratiometric fluorescence due to their co-assembly nature. Moreover, 3 is not only low toxic and can reduce toxicity of berberine to human normal liver L02 cell, but also can release berberine to tumor HepG2 cells at acid micro-environment. It therefore holds a great potential for further exploration