Dehydrogenase-Functionalized Interfaced Materials in Electroenzymatic and Photoelectroenzymatic CO2 Reduction

The simultaneous extenuation of emitted CO2 conversion to chemicals and fuels has purposely motivated researchers toward adapting electrochemical techniques associated with gas diffusion electrodes by using enzyme formate dehydrogenase (FDH). Herein, an in-depth analysis on the background of electroenzymatic CO2 reduction in connection with the nature of binding of FDH on the electrode surface for interfacial direct electron transfer (DET) and mediated electron transfer (MET) are discussed. Types of bioelectrodes with a dehydrogenase enzyme and adapted techniques for their fabrication are emphasized along with new FDH enzymes and their possible effect on CO2 reduction efficacy. Solar-driven photoelectroenzymatic CO2 reduction has emerged as a promising strategy, which is discussed in terms of the rate of CO2 conversion in photoelectrochemical (PEC) cells, enzyme-interfaced materials, NADH regeneration, the role of synthetic photoelectrode materials, and diffusional electron mediators. Advanced applications of electroenzymatic CO2-reduction-driven fuels and their effect are assessed to offer future directions of interfaced materials for electroenzymatic and solar-driven processes.