This chapter discusses the biology, diversity and ecological functions of soil mesofauna, including Tardigrada, Rotifera, proturans, diplurans, pseudoscorpions, symphilids, pauropoda, Enchytraeidae, Collembolans and Acari. Different methods and considerations for collecting and enumerating soil mesofauna are discussed. In addition, it covers how decomposition of soil organic matter is affected by food resource quality and biotic interactions among the soil fauna.