Regulation of the formation and structure of biofilms by quorum sensing signal molecules packaged in outer membrane vesicles

Quorum sensing signal molecules can be used to regulate the formation of biofilm, but it has not been reported that outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) can package and mediate signal molecules to regulate biofilm. We isolated and purified OMVs packaged with Pseudomonas quinolone signal (PQS) released by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and studied the effects of OMV-mediated PQS on the formation and structure of biofilms. OMV-mediated PQS promoted the growth of biofilm, and the cells in the biofilm were stretched, deformed and "bridged" with the surrounding cells. Raman spectrometry showed that the structure and components of the extracellular polymeric substances of P. aeruginosa changed; moreover extracellular proteins rather than polysaccharides played the dominant role in the formation of P. aeruginosa biofilms when regulated by OMV-mediated PQS. In the combination biofilm formed by P. aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus, the mediation of OMVs enhanced the inhibitory effect of PQS to the growth of S. aureus, resulting a decrease in EPS produced by the two bacteria. OMV-mediated PQS led to changes in the biodiversity, richness and structure of the microbial community in biofilms formed by active sludge. This work reveals the mechanism of OMVs mediated signal molecules regulating biofilm, which lays a new theoretical and practical foundation for guiding the operation of low-level of biofouling MBRs.