Cellular metabolomics of pulmonary fibrosis, from amino acids to lipids

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic and progressive lung disease of unknown etiology with limited treatment options. It is characterized by repetitive injury to alveolar epithelial cells and aberrant activation of numerous signaling pathways. Recent evidence suggests that metabolic reprogramming, metabolic dysregulation, and mitochondria dysfunction are distinctive features of the IPF lungs. Through numerous mechanisms, metabolomic abnormalities in alveolar epithelial cells, myofibroblast, macrophages, and fibroblasts contribute to the abnormal collagen synthesis and dysregulated airway remodeling described in lung fibrosis. This review summarizes the metabolomic changes in amino acids, lipids, glucose, and heme seen in IPF lungs. Simultaneously, we provide new insights into potential therapeutic strategies by targeting a variety of metabolites.