Promising bioactivities of postbiotics: A comprehensive review

Postbiotics are bioactive substances that are useful and are produced during fermentation in the matrix. Postbiotics are under a fragile balance in our body, excessive metabolities, may it be from any origin has a potential to hamper or interfere number of physiological processes in our body. As an innovative approach, it can be used to improve immune tolerance and treat food allergy particularly in infants and children. Postbiotics are classified on the basis of structure (peptides, teichoic acis and plasmalogens), elemental composition (as carbohydrates), proteins (p40, p75 molecule, lactocepin), vitamins (B-group), lipids (butyrates, acetate, lactate, propionates), organic acids (such as 3-phenyllactic acid and propionic) and different complex molecules (such as lipoteichoic acids, peptidoglycan-derived muropeptides). Postbiotics, mentioned above have been shown to have immunological effects by increasing mucin levels and encouraging the production of claudin and occluding. Moreover, different studies highlight postbiotics as a promising remedy for the prevention of gastrointestinal diseases and it is also considered as a treatment technique with lesser unfavourable side effects, especially in children and infants. However, future head-to-head studies will be necessary to determine the best parent cell strains, the best postbiotic dosages, and the inexpensive postbiotics in comparison to other medications. The postbiotic source, origin, extraction, synthesis, and bioactivity mechanism are all included in the review. The antibacterial mechanisms of postbiotics are discussed in this review, along with their effects on the absorption of healthy substances, the prevention of cancer, mental health, and other therapeutic qualities.