Nobiletin inhibits breast cancer cell migration and invasion by suppressing the IL-6-induced ERK-STAT and JNK-c-JUN pathways

Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers in women, affecting more than 2 million women worldwide annually. However, effective treatments for breast cancer are limited. Nobiletin is a flavonoid present in the dried mature pericarp of mandarin orange (Citrus reticulata Blanco), which is used to prepare Citri Renetulatae Pericarpium and can inhibit tumour growth and progression according to modern pharmacological studies. However, whether nobiletin exhibits an antimetastatic role in breast cancer and its potential mechanism need to be further investigated.This study aims to evaluate the inhibitory effect of nobiletin on breast cancer and to elucidate potential mechanisms against invasion and migration.Cell viability was determined by cell counting kit-8 and colony formation assays. Wound healing and Boyden chamber assays detected cancer cell migration and invasion capabilities. Immunoblotting and qPCR were applied to determine the protein and mRNA expression levels of extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK) and the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signalling pathways. Molecular docking was used to assess the degree of nobiletin binding to phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K). Xenografts and liver metastases were constructed in BALB/c nude mice to evaluate the anticancer effect of nobiletin in vivo. H&E staining and immunohistochemistry were used to detect proliferation and the expression of related proteins.Nobiletin induced cell death in a concentration- and time-dependent manner and possessed anti-invasion and anti-migration effects on MCF-7 and T47D cells by suppressing the interleukin-6-induced ERK and JNK signalling pathways. In addition, nobiletin docked with the binding site of PI3K, and the binding score was -8.0 kcal/mol. Furthermore, the inhibition of breast cancer growth and metastasis by nobiletin was demonstrated by constructing xenografts and liver metastases in vivo.Nobiletin inhibited liver metastasis of breast cancer by downregulating the ERK-STAT and JNK-c-JUN pathways, and its safety and efficacy were verified, indicating the potential of nobiletin as an anticancer agent.