The role of exosomes derived from various sources in facilitating the healing of chronic refractory wounds

Chronic refractory wounds (CRWs) represent a common and challenging issue in clinical practice, including diabetic foot ulcers, pressure ulcers, venous ulcers, and arterial ulcers. These wounds significantly impact patients' quality of life and may lead to severe consequences such as amputation. Their treatment requires a comprehensive consideration of both the patient's overall physical condition and the local wound situation. The major challenges in treatment include complex pathogenesis, a long treatment cycle, a high recurrence rate, and heavy economic pressure on the patients. Exosomes represent an emerging therapeutic modality with characteristics such as low immunogenicity, good biostability, and high targeting efficiency in the treatment of diseases. Exosomes derived from different sources exhibit heterogeneity, demonstrating their respective advantages and unique properties in treatment. This article delves into the potential applications and mechanisms of action of exosomes from various sources in the treatment of CRWs, aiming to provide new perspectives and ideas for the management of such wounds.