Review of 3D-printed bioceramic/biopolymer composites for bone regeneration: fabrication methods, technologies and functionalized applications

Biomaterials for orthopedic applications must have biocompatibility, bioactivity, and optimal mechanical performance. A suitable biomaterial formulation is critical for creating desired devices. Bioceramics with biopolymer composites and biomimetics with components similar to that of bone tissue, have been recognized as an area of research for orthopedic applications. The combination of bioceramics with biopolymers has the advantage of satisfying the need for robust mechanical support and extracellular matrices at the same time. Three-dimensional (3D) printing is a powerful method for restoring large bone defects and skeletal abnormalities owing to the favorable merits of preparing large, porous, patient-specific, and other intricate architectures. Bioceramic/biopolymer composites produced using 3D printing technology have several advantages, including desirable optimal architecture, enhanced tissue mimicry, and improved biological and physical properties. This review describes various 3D printing bioceramic/biopolymer composites for orthopedic applications. We hope that these technologies will inspire the future design and fabrication of 3D printing bioceramic/biopolymer composites for clinical and commercial applications.