Paenibacillus glufosinatiresistens sp. nov., a glufosinate-resistant bacterium isolated from sludge

A Gram-stain-positive bacterium capable of resisting 5.0 mM glufosinate, designated strain YX-27^T, was isolated from a sludge sample collected from a factory in Wuxi, Jiangsu, PR China. Cells were rod-shaped, facultatively anaerobic, endospore-forming, and motile by peritrichous flagella. Growth was observed at 15-42 °C (optimum at 30 °C), pH 4.0-8.0 (optimum pH 7.0-7.5) and with 0-2.5% NaCl (w/v; optimum, 0.5 %). Strain YX-27^T could tolerate up to 6.0 mM glufosinate. Strain YX-27^T showed the highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity to Paenibacillus tianjinensis TB2019^T (96.17 %), followed by Paenibacillus odorifer DSM 1539^T (96.15 %), Paenibacillus sophorae S27^T (96.04 %), Paenibacillus apii 7124^T (96.02 %) and Paenibacillus stellifer DSM 14472^T (95.87 %). The phylogenetic tree based on genome and 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain YX-27^T was clustered in the genus Paenibacillus but formed a separate clade. The genome size of YX-27^T was 5.22 Mb with a G+C content of 57.5 mol%. The average nucleotide identity and digital DNA-DNA hybridization values between the genomes of strain YX-27^T and 12 closely related type strains ranged from 70.8 to 74.8% and 19.8 to 23.0 %, respectively. The major cellular fatty acids were C_{16 : 0}, anteiso-C_{15 : 0} and iso-C_{16 : 0}. The major polar lipids were one diphosphatidylglycerol, one phosphatidylethanolamine, one phosphatidylglycerol, one phospholipid, four aminophospholipids and four unidentified lipids. The predominant respiratory quinone was MK-7. Based on phylogenetic, genomic, chemotaxonomic and phenotypic data, strain YX-27^T was considered to represent a novel species for which the name Paenibacillus glufosinatiresistens sp. nov. is proposed, with YX-27^T (=MCCC 1K08803^T= KCTC 43611^T) as the type strain.