Effects of production temperature on the molecular composition and seed-germination-promoting properties of sludge-based hydrochar-derived dissolved organic matter

Sludge hydrothermal carbonization demonstrates potential for converting sludge into multifunctional carbon materials for soil remediation. However, the influence of dissolved organic matter (DOM) with unclear molecular characteristics in sludge-based hydrothermal carbon on plant growth has not been sufficiently investigated. Herein, the effects of hydrothermal temperature on the molecular transformation pathways and plant-growth-promoting properties of DOM were investigated via FT-ICR MS–based molecular network analyses and seed germination experiments. Results indicated that the highest DOM yield was achieved at 220 °C. During low-temperature (180 °C) hydrothermal treatment, the hydrolysis of biopolymers, as well as the partial condensation and cyclization of small-molecule intermediates, occurred in the sludge. This process produced unsaturated CHNO compounds containing one or two N atoms, which promoted seed germination. Further, the toxicity of DOM to plants increased with rising hydrothermal temperature. This was accompanied by S doping and aromatization reactions, which mitigated the effects of plant growth hormones. This study provides theoretical support for the optimization of sludge hydrothermal treatment and production of plant growth hormones, enhancing the ecological value of sludge-based hydrochar.