A Novel Synthesis of Nickel Carbide Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode for Electrochemical Investigation of Archetypal Diabetes Biomarker in Human Serum and Urine Samples

We began with an exploration of a novel method for non-enzymatic glucose sensing through the direct electrochemical oxidation process using an annealed Nickel carbide (Ni 3 C) modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE). We cover the synthesis and detailed characterization of Ni 3 C, the modification process of the electrode, and its application in the electrocatalytic detection of glucose in human blood and urine samples. Ni 3 C, known for its high charge transfer efficiency, exceptional stability in harsh environments, and outstanding electrochemical activity, was prepared through an annealing method. The produced Ni 3 C, characterized by a nanoplate structure ranging from 20 to 50 nanometers, was applied to a GCE to benefit from its extensive surface area and structural robustness. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry confirmed the superior electrocatalytic properties and charge transfer capabilities of Ni 3 C/GCE over the unmodified GCE. The glucose detection was achieved by the direct electrochemical oxidation of glucose on the modified electrode, showcasing a linear detection range from 0.05 to 2236 μ M and an impressively low detection limit of 0.0186 μ M. This research underscores the effectiveness of Ni 3 C/GCE as durable, efficient, and reliable tools for the non-enzymatic electrochemical sensing of glucose, providing new prospects for diabetes monitoring.