Enhanced osteo-angiogenic coupling by a bioactive cell-free fat extract (CEFFE) delivered by electrospun fibers

Regeneration of functional bone tissue relies heavily on achieving adequate vascularization in engineered bone constructs following implantation. This process requires the close integration of osteogenesis and angiogenesis. Cell-free fat extract (CEFFE or FE), a recently emerging acellular fat extract containing abundant growth factors, holds significant potential for regulating osteo-angiogenic coupling and promoting regeneration of vascularized bone tissue. However, its specific role in modulating the coupling between angiogenesis and osteogenesis remains unclear. Our previous research demonstrated that FE-decorated electrospun fibers of polycaprolactone/gelatin (named FE-PDA@PCL/GT) exhibited pro-vasculogenic capabilities both