Kaempferol regulating macrophage foaming and atherosclerosis through Piezo1-mediated MAPK/NF-κB and Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway

These results collectively provide compelling evidence that kaempferol regulates CD36-mediated mitochondrial ROS production by inhibiting the Piezo1 channels and Ca²⁺ influx, and then regulates the downstream pathways of NF-κB/MAPK and HO-1/Nrf2, inhibiting to the formation of foam cells. In conclusion, this study revealed a potential mechanism by which the natural antioxidant kaempferol prevents foamy macrophage.