Photobiomodulation and Physical Exercise modulate of cell survival proteins in the Skeletal Muscle of Rats with Heart Failure and Diabetes Mellitus

Introduction : Heart failure (HF) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) are global health problems that often lead to muscle atrophy. These conditions are associated with increased autophagy and apoptosis in the muscle cells, resulting in decreased muscle mass. Materials and methods: Male rats were assigned to one of four groups: control (CT), HF+DM (disease model), exercise+HF+DM (EX+HF+DM), and EX+HF+DM+photobiomodulation (EX+HF+DM+PBM). To induce DM2, we administered streptozotocin (0.25 ml/kg, i.p.). HF was induced by coronary ligation. One week post-induction, an eight-week aerobic exercise and PBM protocol was initiated. Western blot analysis was used to measure the expression of apoptosis-related proteins and autophagy. Results: The EX+HF+DM+PBM group showed a substantial increase in Nrf2, p-AKT, and LC3-I levels compared to the HF+DM group. Conclusion: These findings suggest that physical exercise combined with PBM can upregulate proteins that promote myocyte survival in rats with HF and DM2.