The Importance of Recognition and Management of Oral Lichen Planus: Navigating Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, Cancer Risk, and Advances in Management

BACKGROUND: Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a chronic inflammatory disorder classified as an oral potentially malignant disorder (OPMD) due to its association with an increased prevalence and a risk of progressing to oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) of up to 5%. METHODS: We conducted a comprehensive literature review to update the epidemiology, etiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management of OLP using PubMed and Web of Science databases up to April 2025. RESULTS: OLP is a T-cell-mediated disorder, with CD4+ and CD8+ T cells playing a key role in its pathogenesis. Its multifactorial nature involves genetics, infections, immune dysregulation, allergens, stress, autoimmune diseases, and medications. Treatment options include topical corticosteroids as the first-line therapy, along with systemic medications and emerging therapies that show promise in management. CONCLUSIONS: Regular monitoring and early intervention are crucial due to OLP's malignant potential. Further research is needed to refine treatments and assess long-term efficacy.