Target and non-target analyses of neutral per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances from fluorochemical industries using GC-MS/MS and GC-TOF: Insights on their environmental fate

Novel and emerging per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a key issue of concern in global environmental studies. In this study, air, sediment, and wastewater samples were collected from areas in and/or surrounded by fluorochemical-related industrial facilities to characterize the contamination profiles of neutral and novel PFAS (n-PFAS) using a gas chromatograph-based target and non-target analyses. Fluorotelomer alcohols were predominant in the samples, accounting for 80 % of the n-PFAS, followed by fluorotelomer acrylates. Air samples collected proximate to the durable water repellent (DWR) facility had the highest concentration of n-PFAS, which was approximately two orders of magnitude higher than those found in others. Non-target analysis identified fluorotelomer iodides and fluorotelomer methacrylate in multiple matrices near DWR facilities, indicating significant contamination of n-PFAS. Levels of both C6- and C8-based PFAS reflected a shift in usage patterns from C8- to C6-based fluorochemicals. Matrix-dependent profiles of n-PFAS revealed that shorter-chain (e.g., C6) and longer-chain (>C8) PFAS were predominant in air and sediment, respectively, implying that air and sediment are mobile and secondary sources of PFAS. Untreated and treated industrial wastewater also contained n-PFAS and their transformation products. The findings shed light on our understanding of the multi-matrix distribution and transport of PFAS.