Cu-based materials: Design strategies (hollow, core-shell, and LDH), sensing performance optimization, and applications in small molecule detection

In this review, we present an overview of different methods for preparing Cu-based materials with a focus on the preparation of hollow structural materials using Kirkendall effect, Galvanic replacement reaction (GRR), and Ostwald ripening principles. We also discuss the design of complex hollow and core–shell structures using ion exchange, co-etching precipitation, sulfidation, self-template, one-pot, GRR, and ligand protection methods. Additionally, we review recent research on Cu-based LDHs and propose three synthetic strategies: hydrothermal, one-step coprecipitation, and electrodeposition. To enhance the electrochemical sensing performance of Cu-based materials, we suggest five strategies, such as maximizing specific surface area, constructing a heterogeneous structure, optimizing electronic configuration, decorating 3D porous binder-free electrodes, defect engineering. Furthermore, we highlight the advanced applications of Cu-based materials in human health management, such as glucose sensing, H2O2 sensing, uric acid sensing, and dopamine sensing. Finally, we summarize the challenges encountered in the preparation of Cu-based materials and the application of biosensors and provide prospects for the future.