PEROVSKITE SOLAR CELLS TECHNOLOGY: A REVIEW OF ADVANCES IN CONVERSION EFFICIENCY, STABILITY AND ELABORATION TECHNIQUES ENHANCEMENT

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have achieved an exceptional conversion efficiency of 26.7% in 2024, just 0.6% of the record set by competing silicon technology. Improvements in elaboration techniques and the outstanding optoelectronic properties of perovskite have enabled this significant progress. This review focuses on the performance of PSCs in terms of conversion efficiency, stability and elaboration techniques. Based on a dye-sensitised solar cell, PSCs have benefitted from molecular engineering, interfacial engineering, solvent engineering and optimised elaboration methods. Difficulties such as toxicity, stability and scalability are increasingly overcome. The gradual advance in stability, highlighted by the retention of conversion efficiency ( 90% initial PCE) after more than 1000 hours, is a hopeful sign that the technology is reaching maturity. Despite these lightning advances in the organometallic perovskite family, efforts must be made to achieve high efficiency, lower cost and, most of all, highly stable cells for future commercialisation. Inorganic perovskites, however, are more stable despite their lower conversion efficiency yet continue to progress towards higher performance. Quantum dots (QDs) have been widely exploited to control the optoelectronic properties of cells and improve their stability to approach the theoretical efficiency limit of the technology.