Low dose radiotherapy-induced tumor-preferential antigens enhance antibody-drug conjugate efficacy in solid tumors

M2-like tumor-associated macrophages, whereas ADC-mediated bystander killing attenuated this adaptive feedback and promoted a more immunoactive tumor microenvironment. Together, these findings support LDRT as a clinically translatable strategy to increase ICAM1 expression, overcome antigen-low barriers, and enhance ADC efficacy in refractory solid tumors.