Toward Scalable Applications of Biomass Aerogels for Building Thermal Insulation

across diverse feedstocks, pore architectures, and hybrid formulations. Translation into building products remains constrained by structural instability, moisture-induced property loss, formulation-dependent fire behavior, interfacial degradation, energy-intensive processing, and limited product-level validation. We introduce an application-driven structure-failure-qualification framework linking feedstock compositions and product formats to building-specific performance requirements, pore structure designs, dominant service-induced failure modes, and validation requirements. We compare major biomass and hybrid material classes, product formats, and pore architectures according to their performance trade-offs, service vulnerability, and maturity of evidence. Multiscale pore engineering and bioinspired architectures can reconcile thermal insulation with mechanical integrity and environmental stability, but favorable specimen-scale properties do not necessarily establish deployment readiness. By connecting structure-property relationships with service condition reliability and standardised benchmarks, we elucidate the requirements for real-world translation. Future progress will require scalable hierarchical design, long-term durability validation, and harmonised sustainability assessment to support integration into next-generation low-carbon buildings.