Integrating microalgae into textile wastewater treatment processes: Advancements and opportunities

In the face of escalating global water pollution exacerbated by textile wastewater (TWW), it is essential to investigate sustainable and cost-effective solutions. This review explores microalgae-based bioremediation, an eco-friendly alternative to traditional methods, which offers operational cost-effectiveness and process optimization due to microalgae's adaptability and valuable biomass production. However, for industry-wide implementation, efficient strategies for large-scale algal cultivation and biomass harvesting are required. Herein, we delve into conventional and advanced bioreactor designs, microalgal immobilization techniques, and integrated algal flow-way setups, focusing on the process engineering aspects. We further examine current harvesting methods and their implementation stages. Despite associated challenges, microalgae-based bioremediation could revolutionize TWW treatment, promoting a circular economy and resource recovery.