Precision nutrition based on food-derived delivery systems for intestinal health: A review of natural carriers, construction strategies and advantages

Bioactive substances face challenges in delivery to the intestine owing to low oral bioavailability. Constructing steady delivery systems based on food-derived natural carriers can overcome gastrointestinal barriers. Therefore, gaining insights into the multiple roles of natural delivery carriers will facilitate precision nutrition in intestinal health. This review highlighted the potential benefits of food-derived natural carriers for intestinal disease intervention by systematically summarizing the current progress on their sources and properties. The construction strategies, including freeze-drying rehydration technology, ionic crosslinking, electroporation, ultracentrifugation, and metal-phenolic networks, were applied to food-derived natural carriers by considering their targeting capability and stimulus responsiveness. Moreover, special attention should be given to applications, advantages, challenges, and future prospects of natural delivery carriers in precision intestinal nutrition. Overall, developing natural active carriers to deliver bioactive compounds to the intestine is a promising alternative for the treatment of intestinal disorders, which provide the theoretical basis for its industrialized application.