Iron-catalyzed laser-induced graphene on cellulose paper for solar-driven interfacial evaporation

simple single folding. Detailed characterizations reveal that laser-induced carbothermal reduction generates iron oxide-graphene composites as light absorbers, while preserving cellulose's inherent hydrophilicity for rapid capillary pumping. Notably, the engineered architecture demonstrates enhanced mechanical robustness (234% improvement in tensile strength) and programmable foldability, expanding applicability across diverse desalination scenarios. This laser-direct-writing paradigm establishes a sustainable pathway for developing next-generation cellulose-based solar evaporators.