Monolithic Interconnection of Thin‐Film Perovskite Photovoltaic Modules Using Aerosol Jet Printing

Perovskite thin‐film photovoltaic (PV) modules consist of multiple cells connected in series to reduce resistive losses in the transparent electrode. Cell interconnection is typically achieved using techniques involving laser scribing and/or precise alignment during fabrication. For perovskite modules, this interconnection is implemented monolithically by integrating three laser scribing steps into the module fabrication process. Laser scribing provides high‐resolution lines (≈100–200 μm wide), necessitating equally precise or finer techniques for interconnections. Aerosol jet printing emerges as a promising solution, offering resolutions as fine as 10 μm and enabling high‐speed processing. This study demonstrates the fabrication of semi‐transparent monolithic perovskite modules using a combination of laser scribing and aerosol jet printing. Five interconnected cells are successfully produced, with the laser scribing process requiring ≈2 min and aerosol jet printing interconnections completed in about 7 min. The resulting perovskite PV modules with aerosol jet‐printed interconnects show comparable performance to those fabricated using evaporated interconnections. Key performance metrics included an open‐circuit voltage ( V OC ) of 4.91 V, short‐circuit current density ( J SC ) of 2.41 mA cm −2 , fill factor (FF) of 44.56%, power conversion efficiency of 5.26%, and an effective area of 13.46 cm 2 . These results highlight the potential of aerosol jet printing as an efficient and precise approach for advancing perovskite module fabrication.