Progress and Developments in the Fabrication and Characterization of Metal Halide Perovskites for Photovoltaic Applications

Metal halide perovskites have emerged as a groundbreaking material class for photovoltaic applications, owing to their exceptional optoelectronic properties, tunable bandgap, and cost-effective fabrication processes. This review offers a comprehensive analysis of recent advancements in synthesis, structural engineering, and characterization of metal halide perovskites for efficient solar energy conversion. We explore a range of fabrication techniques, including solution processing, vapor deposition, and nanostructuring, emphasizing their impact on material stability, efficiency, and scalability. Additionally, we discuss key characterization methods, such as X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, impedance spectroscopy, and optical analysis, that provide insights into the structural, electrical, and optical properties of these materials. Despite significant progress, challenges related to long-term stability, degradation mechanisms, and environmental sustainability persist. This review delves into current strategies for enhancing the durability and performance of perovskite-based photovoltaics and highlights emerging trends in device integration and commercialization. Finally, we provide future perspectives on optimizing material design and overcoming existing limitations to guide continued research in this rapidly advancing field.