Glycosylation-related molecular subtypes and risk score of hepatocellular carcinoma: Novel insights to clinical decision-making

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the fifth most common cancer and the third leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide, seriously affecting human community health and care. Emerging evidence has shown that aberrant glycosylation is associated with tumor progression and metastasis. However, the role of glycosylation-related genes in HCC has notbeen reported.Weighted gene coexpression network analysis and non-negative matrix factorization analysis were applied to identify functional modules and molecularm subtypes in HCC. The least absolute shrinkage and selection operator Cox regression was used to construct the glycosylation-related signature. The independent prognostic value of the risk model was confirmed and validated by systematic techniques, including principal component analysis, T-distributed random neighbor embedding analysis, Kaplan-Meier survival analysis, the ROC curve, multivariate Cox regression, the nomogram, and the calibration curve. The single-sample gene set enrichment analysis, gene set variation analysis, Gene Ontology, and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analyses were evaluated by the immune microenvironment and potential biological processes. The quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry analysis were used to verify the expression of five genes.We identified the glycosylation-related genes with bioinformatics analysis to construct and validate a five-gene signature for the prognosis of HCC patients. Patients with HCC in the high-risk group had a worse prognosis. The risk score could be an independent factor and was associated with clinical features, such as the grade and stage. The nomogram exhibited an accurate score that included the risk score and clinical parameters. The infiltration levels of antitumor cells were upregulated in the low-risk group, including B_cells, Mast_cells, neutrophils, NK_cells, and T_helper_cells. Moreover, glycosylation was more sensitive to immunotherapy, and may play a critical role in the metabolic processes of HCC, such as bile acid metabolism and fatty acid metabolism. In addition, the five-gene messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein expression were overexpressed in HCC cells and tissues.The glycosylation-related signature is effective for prognostic recognition, immune efficacy evaluation, and substance metabolism in HCC, providing a novel insight for therapeutic target prediction and clinical decision-making.