Multilevel Conceptualization of Leader–Member Exchange Processes: a Comprehensive Review

In this study, I have provided the first review of recent multilevel developments in the leader– member exchange (LMX) literature and identified fruitful areas for future research. After thoroughly reviewing conceptualization and operationalization in the literature, I summarized empirical findings at the dyadic, individual within-team, and team levels. I then addressed confusion in conceptualization and operationalization in the literature. I also suggested additional antecedents, moderators, and outcome variables for future researchers to focus on for the expansion of the nomological networks of the various multilevel LMX constructs. Theoretical implications are discussed.