The “Rise–Peak–Fall” Pattern of Time Dependency of the Cardiovascular Pleiotropic Effects of Treatment With Low-dose Atorvastatin, Losartan, and a Combination Thereof in Rats

Treatment with low, subtherapeutic doses of statins and sartans expresses beneficial pleiotropic effects on the arterial wall. The present study explored whether these effects depend on treatment duration. Wistar rats were randomly divided into 4 groups and received low-dose atorvastatin, low-dose losartan, their combination, or saline (control) daily. After 4, 6, 8, and 10 weeks of treatment, the animals were anesthetized, blood samples taken, and hearts and thoracic aortas isolated. Thoracic aorta endothelium-dependent relaxation and parameters of the isolated heart exposed to ischemic-reperfusion injury were assessed along with blood serum parameters and vasoactive genes expression. Low-dose atorvastatin, losartan, and especially their combination showed the characteristic time dependency of all studied parameters (thoracic aorta relaxation, isolated heart parameters, C-reactive protein values, genes encoding endothelial nitric oxide synthase, and CD40). The peak in efficacy was observed after 6 weeks of treatment and subsequently steadily declined. The peak versus control values were significant for all measured parameters. Only a combination of atorvastatin and losartan increased nitric oxide and decreased asymmetric dimethylarginine. A characteristic time-dependent "rise-peak-fall" pattern of the cardiovascular pleiotropic effects of statins and sartans in subtherapeutic low doses was revealed. Evidently, resistance to the explored treatment occurs after a certain period.