An overview of the role of serum uric acid to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio in type 2 diabetes mellitus and in other inflammatory and metabolic conditions

The serum uric acid to HDL cholesterol ratio (UHR) has emerged as a novel biomarker linking metabolic dysfunction and inflammation. Elevated UHR reflects a complex interplay between oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction, and lipid metabolism, contributing to systemic inflammation and disease progression. Recent studies suggest that UHR may serve as a predictive marker for cardiometabolic risk, offering potential advantages over traditional lipid and uric acid measurements alone. However, the underlying mechanisms remain incompletely understood, and standard reference values have yet to be established. Further research is needed to elucidate the causal relationships and assess the clinical utility of UHR in disease risk stratification and management. Understanding the role of UHR in metabolic and inflammatory pathways could enhance early detection and intervention strategies for at-risk individuals. This review elaborates the role of UHR in various metabolic and inflammatory conditions, including type 2 diabetes mellitus, diabetic chronic complications, metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular disease, insulin resistance, and chronic inflammatory states.