Chronic kidney disease, proteinuria, and the risk of infective endocarditis in patients with diabetes: a nationwide retrospective cohort study

CKD and proteinuria in the population with diabetes are associated with an increased risk of developing IE. The association of proteinuria with the risk of IE may be more significant than that of impaired renal function. However, as this study relied on claim codes and single-time-point assessments of kidney parameters, potential misclassification and residual confounding-including lack of adjustment for healthcare-related exposures-should be considered.