Assessment of ecofriendly carbon capture using Bacillus subtilis induced calcium carbonate precipitation with focus on applications mechanisms and cost efficiency

Abstract This work focuses on exploiting the naturally occurring microbial calcium carbonate precipitation catalyzed by microbial consortia within lakes and oceans biogeochemistry for carbon dioxide removal from atmosphere. In this work, Bacillus subtilis OQ119616 was used for carbon dioxide sequestration in equi-molar concentrations into Bacillus -induced calcium carbonate precipitation (BICCP). As this process requires alkaline media, urea degradation by urease and nitrogen fixation were traced. BICCP has been formed from calcium salts in the following order: chloride > nitrate > acetate > citrate. However, conversion efficiency percentage (CE%) of calcium salts to CaCO 3 exhibited a different attitude of citrate > acetate > chloride > nitrate. Calcium citrate is excluded from consideration. Acetate, however, is the most efficient salt; it significantly exhibited the highest CE%, with the least cost and highest economic feasibility. The wide range in quantities, efficiency and feasibility indicates the importance of the salt anion in BICCP. In addition, BICCP exhibited applicability in healing concrete cracks, improving field capacity of sand soil and the subsequently improved seed germination of Vicia faba . BICCP was also accompanied by adsorption of heavy metals as partial purging of waste/sewage water for hygiene/reuse. Bacillus subtilis exhibited the ability to perform MICP, utilizing various calcium salts in the following order: chloride > acetate > nitrate > citrate. However, acetate is the most efficient salt of calcium to be converted to calcium carbonate precipitate by B. subtilis , as it exhibited the highest conversion efficiency percentage (g/g %), with the least cost and highest economic feasibility. Carbon dioxide removal (CDR) occurs at simultaneous equity to CaCO 3 precipitation at mole/mole ratios. Economic feasibility (US$/m 3 ) showed that BICCP may be applicable in CDR for cleansing carbon dioxide inside closed systems and for environmental safety. The bacterially induced CaCO 3 proved successful applicability in improving the field capacity of sand soil and growth of V. faba , healing concrete cracks and sorption of heavy metals for depolluting sewage/wastewater for hygiene reuse. BICCP could repair concrete cracks of 1–2 mm wide in 7 days by 210 * 10 6 cells/mL. Adsorption of heavy metals (Pd, Zn, Cd and Cu) for partial removal of contaminants in/from waste/sewage water for hygiene reuse.