Do automation and digitalization distract drivers? A systematic review

Driving is a multifaceted activity involving a complex interplay of cognitive, perceptual, and motor skills, demanding continuous attention on the road. In recent years, the increased integration of automation and digitalization technologies in vehicles has improved drivers' convenience and safety. However, the spare attentional capacity available during automation and the prevalence of various infotainment systems in vehicles enable drivers to perform some secondary tasks not related to driving, which may divert their attention away from the road, increasing the chances of accidents. The objective of the present study is to conduct a comprehensive systematic review of existing literature utilizing an eye tracker to analyze driver distraction due to automation and/or digitalization in motorized vehicles, with a focus on identifying the key factors leading to visual distraction. Through a literature search on five databases: Google Scholar, PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus, and Web of Science, a total of 4769 articles were initially identified. After a systematic screening, 65 research articles are considered for the review. The findings of the study indicate an increase in the research conducted on driver distraction due to automation and/or digitalization over recent years, with the highest contribution of studies from the United States and China. The lack of studies from other parts of the world like South America, Africa and the limited representation from larger parts of Asia, specifically India, highlights the need for future research in the area. Studies report a diversion in drivers' visual attention away from the roadway, in terms of long and frequent off-road glances, while engaging in secondary tasks during automation and/or digitalization. Studies also demonstrate changes in the pattern of drivers' visual attention with respect to different factors like HMI information, type of secondary task, type of input modality, in-vehicle display characteristics, and vehicle automation. Studies have also found success in using feedback to reduce visual distraction and to bring back drivers' attention on the roads. In light of the findings observed, the review provides a discussion on the effects of automation and/or digitalization technologies on drivers' visual attention. The study also highlights the areas that are not explored despite the wealth of research available on the topic.