Glycation combined with phosphorylation: Investigating the structure changes and allergenic potential of parvalbumin in silver carp (Hypophthalmichthy molitrix)

This study investigated the effects of glycation combined with phosphorylation on the structure and allergenic potential of parvalbumin (PV) in silver carp (Hypophthalmichthy molitrix). The method increased PV's molecular weight and altered its structure. In vivo, this approach significantly reduced the risk of PV allergy, with decreased serum levels of IgE, IgG, histamine, β-hexosaminidase, and interleukin-4 decreased, while interferon-γ levels increased. Spleen tissue demonstrated increased expression of transforming growth factor-β, interleukin-12, and T-bet. Although the relative abundance of allergy-associated gut microbiota (Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes) changed, the diversity and composition of the gut microbiome in mice remained similar to normal mice at the family and genus taxonomic levels. Allergic mice exhibited imbalanced gut microbiota including Firmicutes, Lactobacillaceae, Staphylococcaceae, and Lactobacillus. Norank_f__Muribaculaceae and Bacteroidetes helped alleviate the allergenic potential. Therefore, glycation combined with phosphorylation can significantly reduce the risk of PV allergy through structural changes and regulation of the gut microbiome.