A cross-species perspective: β-carotene supplementation effects in poultry, swine, and cattle – a review

The potential benefits of β-carotene, a leading provitamin A carotenoid, have been meticulously explored in various livestock species, propelling a realm of extensive research in this domain. Despite of not being considered as an essential micronutrient for these animals, its supplementation has gained substantial attention within the agricultural industry due to its capacity to enhance animal well-being, productivity, and the quality of the derived products. In pursuit of a comprehensive understanding, this review endeavours to juxtapose the effects of β-carotene supplementation in poultry, swine, and cattle. In doing so, we delve into a diverse range of physiological responses, intricate metabolic pathways, and the profound influence of β-carotene on pivotal aspects such as immune response, antioxidant status, and reproduction across these three important livestock species. Recognizing diverse reactions to β-carotene supplementation across species is pivotal for refining animal production and welfare standards. This review sheds light on the complex interplay between β-carotene and livestock physiology, contributing to a holistic understanding of how this provitamin A carotenoid can optimize animal health, productivity, and the sustainability of the livestock industry. Furthermore, it underscores the significance of tailoring nutritional strategies to the specific needs of various animal species, ultimately benefiting both producers and consumers.