Genetically Engineered Cellular Nanovesicles: Theories, Design and Perspective

Abstract The use of cellular nanovesicles (CNVs) is a groundbreaking innovation in biomedical applications. Both natural extracellular vesicles (EVs) and artificial cell membrane nanovesicles (AVs) have emerged as innovative CNVs, but they have limitations in therapeutic effects and targeting abilities. Challenges such as stability, immunogenicity, and drug payload capacity hinder their widespread application. Genetic engineering has matured as a widely employed modification strategy, leading to the development of genetically engineered extracellular vesicles (gEVs) and genetically engineered artificial cell membrane nanovesicles (gAVs). This review meticulously examines the diverse types and inherent characteristics of CNVs, alongside various surface engineering strategies for CNVs, with a specific focus on elucidating the attributes and detailing the preparation methods relevant to gEVs and gAVs. Furthermore, this exploration delves into the expansive landscape of biomedical applications, developmental prospects, and current challenges associated with the utilization of gEVs and gAVs. With a comprehensive approach, the primary objective is to provide insights that not only illuminate the nuanced intricacies of these nanovesicles but also pave the way for their seamless integration into clinical research and eventual translation into practical applications.