Stackelberg game based shared energy storage service with complementary demand regulation

This study addresses the pricing issue of shared energy storage (SES) services independently invested by the shared energy storage operator (SESO). We develop a user-side SES pricing mechanism based on a Stackelberg game model, considering the regulation of complementary demand. The framework leverages price signals published by the SESO to guide complementary energy use among user groups. The upper level optimizes SES service operation, including decisions on charging/discharging centralized energy storage, purchasing/selling electricity to the grid, and setting service fees. The lower level involves users with leased SES, who dynamically adjust their electricity use and charging/discharging decisions in response to published service fees. Simulation results validate that the proposed approach promotes local energy consumption, reduces social energy costs, and achieves a win-win situation for users and SESO.