The MdVQ37‐MdWRKY100 complex regulates salicylic acid content and MdRPM1 expression to modulate resistance to Glomerella leaf spot in apples

Summary Glomerella leaf spot (GLS), caused by the fungus Colletotrichum fructicola , is considered one of the most destructive diseases affecting apples. The VQ‐WRKY complex plays a crucial role in the response of plants to biotic stresses. However, our understanding of the defensive role of the VQ‐WRKY complex on woody plants, particularly apples, under biotic stress, remains limited. In this study, we elucidated the molecular mechanisms underlying the defensive role of the apple MdVQ37‐MdWRKY100 module in response to GLS infection. The overexpression of MdWRKY100 enhanced resistance to C . fructicola , whereas MdWRKY100 RNA interference in apple plants reduced resistance to C . fructicola by affecting salicylic acid (SA) content and the expression level of the CC‐NBS‐LRR resistance gene MdRPM1 . DAP‐seq, Y1H, EMSA, and RT‐qPCR assays indicated that MdWRKY100 inhibited the expression of MdWRKY17 , a positive regulatory factor gene of SA degradation, upregulated the expression of MdPAL1 , a key enzyme gene of SA biosynthesis, and promoted MdRPM1 expression by directly binding to their promotors. Transient overexpression and silencing experiments showed that MdPAL1 and MdRPM1 positively regulated GLS resistance in apples. Furthermore, the overexpression of MdVQ37 increased the susceptibility to C . fructicola by reducing the SA content and expression level of MdRPM1 . Additionally, MdVQ37 interacted with MdWRKY100, which repressed the transcriptional activity of MdWRKY100. In summary, these results revealed the molecular mechanism through which the apple MdVQ37‐MdWRKY100 module responds to GLS infection by regulating SA content and MdRPM1 expression, providing novel insights into the involvement of the VQ‐WRKY complex in plant pathogen defence responses.