Vaccinations in the newborn

Neonatal immunisation includes vaccination in the first 4 weeks of life (Neonatal period) as well as in high-risk preterm infants in the first few months (until 44 weeks corrected gestational age). Neonates have an immature immune system, which renders them highly susceptible to life-threatening infections. This highlights the importance of vaccination in this vulnerable population; however, at the same time also making it challenging because of their inability to generate a protective immune response. Other challenges include interference from maternal antibodies and excessive skewing towards T Helper Cell Type 2 (Th2) immunity. Despite these challenges, several vaccines have been developed and proven safe and effective at birth. Presently, there are 3 vaccines - Hepatitis B vaccine, Bacillus Calmette-Guerine (BCG) and Oral Polio vaccine (OPV) widely used in neonates, which provides evidence that certain antigen-adjuvant combinations can elicit protective neonatal responses. This review focusses on current vaccinations in neonates, including preterm infants and highlights some novel approaches to enhance neonatal vaccination.