Progress and challenges of halide perovskite-based solar cell- a brief review

Halide perovskites have drawn the researcher's attention in the last decade because of their marvellous performance in photovoltaic devices. It started in 2009 with organic-inorganic perovskite sensitized solar cells, showing a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 3.13%. Since then, continuous efforts have been made to enhance perovskite solar cell (PSC) performance using different halide perovskite materials and changing other parameters. Researchers have recently achieved 25.8% PCE with perovskite-based solar cells, which challenged the mainstream solar cell technologies. Here, we have reviewed the exotic electronic and optical properties of different halide perovskites and the continuous development of PSCs with varying device architectures using these materials, fabrication techniques, and various carrier transport layers. The main problem in the commercialization of perovskites-based photovoltaic devices is poor stability in the ambient. This review also includes the challenges such as the stability of perovskite materials, device fabrications, toxicity, and performance improvement, which provides the understanding towards achieving the high PCE. Encapsulation is one of the best ways to improve the stability of the halide perovskites. A perspective to enhance the efficiency and stability of the PSC is also given at the end.