Copper Oxide Nanoparticles Induce Lysogenic Bacteriophage and Metal-Resistance Genes in Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1

O emissions. Respiration is likely inhibited as denitrification activity is depleted in terms of decreased transcript levels of most denitrification genes. Meanwhile, CuO NPs exposure significantly up-regulated gene expression for those coding for copper resistance, resistance-nodulation-division, P-type ATPase efflux, and cation diffusion facilitator transporters. Our findings offer insights into the interaction between environmental bacteria and CuO NPs at the transcriptional level and, thus, improve our understanding of potential risks of nanoparticles on microbial ecosystems and public health.