Turkey’s ‘Western’ or ‘Muslim’ identity and the AKP’s civilizational discourse

This paper reviews the evolution of the Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi (AKP)'s civilizational outlook vis-à-vis the West as a discursive instrument that justified its Muslim democracy practices as well as its nativist authoritarian practices. The former practice entails that the AKP appear as a Muslim democratic political force, reconciling Islam and democracy, falsifying the Orientalist essentialism prevalent in the West and resolving the crisis in Turkey's Western identity. After relieving the secular establishment of its guardianship roles in 2010/2011, the AKP's nativist practices have aimed at redefining Turkey as a Muslim nation by using a civilizational discourse. As such, the AKP's nativism was characterized by an attempt at resetting the legitimate parameters of Turkish politics to reject the validity of the universal norms of democracy and the legitimacy of their domestic and international proponents. This naturally entailed a populist anti-establishment stance in foreign as well as domestic policy realms.