Automatic test generators produce test vectors for a digital circuit, given a description of the circuit at the gate level. For small and testable circuits, a high-quality test can be produced without modifying the circuit. For larger, harder-to-test circuits, the technique of partial scan can provide excellent fault coverage with limited circuit modification. Where test modification can not be tolerated, test-generation tools can help by providing a powerful testability diagnostic capability to assist the designer in writing tests by hand.