Ion-electron coupling in a MXene/silk nanofluidic hydrovoltaic device for enhanced electricity generation

M NaCl elevates the output to 593 mV, which is further boosted to 622 mV under infrared irradiation-sufficient to power microelectronic circuits. Mechanism investigations reveal that this enhancement arises from ion-electron Coulomb drag interactions at the solid-liquid interface. This study provides fundamental insights into nanofluidic energy conversion and demonstrates potential applications in self-powered wearable electronics and all-weather energy harvesting systems.