Selenium-fortified proteins and polysaccharides from macrofungi

Selenium (Se) is a trace element essential to human health. Its deficiency has been associated with numerous health disorders such as oxidative stress-related conditions, thyroid dysfunction, and increased risk of many types of cancers. Organic forms of Se found naturally in foods have higher bioavailability and are safer to consume compared to inorganic Se species. Edible macrofungi (mushrooms) are highly valued for their rich protein content and antioxidative beta-glucans, and their saprophytic mode of nutrition is largely being exploited to produce selenium-enriched mushrooms. Selenium-fortified proteins (selenoproteins) and polysaccharides from Se-enriched fungi have been studied for their selenium bioavailability and pharmacological potential. Se-polysaccharides from Ganoderma, Grifola, Hericium, and Coprinus have been characterized and were found to have significant antioxidative, immunomodulatory, and antitumor activities. This chapter attempts to provide a comprehensive outlook on the characterization, bioavailability, antioxidative, and medicinal properties of selenoproteins and polysaccharides isolated from macrofungi.