Late-Life Depression, Cognitive Impairment, and Relationship with Alzheimer’s Disease

This narrative review aimed to explore the existing knowledge in order to examine the multiple forms of late-life depression (LLD) within a non-neurodegenerative or a neurodegenerative context, in particular Alzheimer’s disease (AD). This review will first provide information about different pathogenic hypotheses proposed to describe LLD when it is not linked to a neurodegenerative context. Within the presentation of these syndromes, the literature reports thymic and cognitive specific features and highlights a common preponderance of cognitive impairment, and particularly executive. This review will also report data from research works that have addressed the role of depressive symptoms (DSs) in incidence of AD and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) conversion to AD. These findings support the claim that the relationship between DS (or LLD) and the cognitive decline encountered in AD can be of 2 types: (1) risk factor or (2) prodrome. They also support the hypothesis that the effect of DS on the incidence of AD can be identified between specific characteristics of these symptoms such as a very first apparition late in life, an increasing severity of DS, and a poor response to medical treatment. Finally, longitudinal and cross-sectional research will be presented, aiming to identify the predictive value of DS (or LLD) on AD incidence and/or conversion of MCI (and specifically amnestic MCI). This final section shows that specific features of LLD, such as being of early- or late-onset, can be considered as indices of AD incidence.